The use of high-power lasers in the industry has been rapidly advanced by incorporating flexible-fiber-based beam delivery. In order to deliver high-power laser beam to a distant place, the laser beam must propagate through the atmosphere. When the laser beam propagates through a medium, a fraction of the laser energy is absorbed by the medium. This absorbed power heats the medium and alters the index of refraction of the path, and leads to a distortion of the beam itself. This phenomenon is called thermal blooming. Thermal blooming at λ0 = 1.08 μm is caused by the absorption of water vapor. In this article, high-power laser beam propagation in a slightly wet atmosphere at λ0 = 1.08 μm was theoretically investigated. At First, the absorption coefficient (α) of air at 10% relative humidity was estimated. Then, simulation of thermal blooming of Gaussian laser beam with an initial power of 1 kW and a radius of 5 mm was conducted using this α. Under the condition of no wind, the beam intensity decreases rapidly with increasing length z. At z = 16 m, the intensity of laser beam became 1/5 of the initial intensity at z = 0 m. When laser beam propagated in the moist air with transverse air flow, thermal distortion of the beam was not symmetrical around the z axis because of the asymmetry introduced by the one-dimensional wind velocity v. Under the condition of calm uniform wind with v = 0.05 m/s, laser beams propagated only 25 to 30 m at most without damaging the initial beam shape. On the other hand, the beams propagated 65 to 70 m at most without beam-shape deformation under the condition of light uniform wind with v = 0.5 m/s.
| Published in | Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11 |
| Page(s) | 215-222 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Laser Beam Propagation, Moist Atmosphere, Thermal Blooming
| [1] | Richardson D. J., Nilsson J., and Clarkson W. A. (2010). High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 27 (11), B63-B92. |
| [2] | Tünnermann A., Schreiber T., and Limpert J. (2010). Fibre lasers and amplifiers: an ultrafast performance evolution. Appl. Opt., 49 (25), F71-F78. |
| [3] | Jauregui C., Limpert J., and Tünnermann A. (2013). High-power fibre lasers. Nat. Photonics, 7, 861-867. |
| [4] | Fermann M. E. and Hartl I. (2013). Ultrafast fibre lasers. Nat. Photonics, 7, 868-874. |
| [5] | Zervas M. N. and Codemand C. A. (2014). High power fiber lasers: a review. IEEE J. Selected Topics Quantum Electron., 20 (5), 0904123. |
| [6] | Shi W., Fang Q., Zhu X., Norwood R. A., and Peyghambarian N. (2014). Fiber lasers and their applications. Appl. Opt., 53 (28), 6554-6568. |
| [7] | Jeong Y., Sahu J. K., Williams R. B., Richardson D. J., Furusawa K., and Nilsson J. (2003). Ytterbium-doped large-core fibre laser with 272 W output power. Electron. Lett., 39 (13), 977-978. |
| [8] | Limpert J., Liem A., Zellmer H., and Tünnerman A. (2003). 500 W continuous-wave fibre laser with excellent beam quality. Electron. Lett., 39 (8), 645-647. |
| [9] | Liu C.-H., Ehlers B., Doerfel F., Heinemann S., Carter A., Tankala K., Farroni J., and Galvanauskas A. (2004). 810 W continuous-wave and single-transverse-mode fibre laser using 20 μm core Yb-doped double-clad fibre. Electron. Lett., 40 (23), 1471-1472. |
| [10] | Jeong Y., Sahu J. K., Payne D. N., and Nilsson J. (2004). Ytterbium-doped large-core fibre laser with 1 kW of continuous-wave output power. Electron. Lett., 40 (8), 470-471. |
| [11] | Jeong Y., Sahu J. K., Payne D. N., and Nilsson J. (2004). Ytterbium-doped large-core fiber laser with 1.36 kW continuous-wave output power. Opt. Express, 12 (25), 6088-6092. |
| [12] | He B., Zhou J., Lou Q., Xue Y., Li Z., Wang W., Dong J., Wei Y., and Chen W. (2010). 1.75-kilowatt continuous-wave output fiber laser using homemade ytterbium-doped large-core fiber. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., 52 (7), 1668-1671. |
| [13] | Jeong Y., Boyland A. J., Sahu J. K., Chung S., Nilsson J., and Payne D. N. (2009). Multi-kilowatt single-mode ytterbium-doped large-core fiber laser. J. Opt. Soc. Korea, 13 (4), 416-422. |
| [14] | Huang L., Wang W., Leng J., Guo S., Xu X., and Cheng X. (2014). Experimental investigation on evolution of the beam quality in a 2-kW high power fiber amplifier. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 26 (1), 33-36. |
| [15] | Khitrov V., Minelly J. D., Tumminelli R., Petit V., and Pooler E. S. (2014). 3 kW single-mode direct diode-pumped fiber laser. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 8961, 89610V-1-89610V-6. |
| [16] | Yu H., Zhang H., Lv H., Wang X., Leng J., Xiao H., Guo S., Zhou P., Xu X., and Chen J. (2015). 3.15 kW direct diode-pumped near diffraction-limited all-fiber-integrated fiber laser. Appl. Opt., 54 (14), 4556-4560. |
| [17] | Rosales-Garcia A., Tobioka H., Abedin K., Dong H., Várallyay Z., Szabo A., Taunay T., Sullivan S., and Headley C. (2015). 2.1 kW single mode continuous wave monolithic fiber laser. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 9344, 93441G-1-93441G-6. |
| [18] | Beier F., Hupel C., Nold J., Kuhn S., Hein S., Ihring J., Sattler B., Haarlammert N., Schreiber T., Eberhardt R., and Tünnermann A. (2016). Narrow linewidth, single mode 3 kW average power from a directly diode pumped ytterbium-doped low NA fiber amplifier. Opt. Express, 24 (6), 6011-6020. |
| [19] | Mashiko Y., Nguyen H. K., Kashiwagi M., Kitabayashi T., Shima K., and Tanaka D. (2016). 2 kW single-mode fiber laser with 20-m long delivery fiber and high SRS suppression. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 9728, 972805-1-972805-6. |
| [20] | Beier F., Hupel C., Kuhn S., Hein S., Nold J., Proske F., Sattler B., Liem A., Jauregui C., Limpert J., Haarlammert N., Schreiber T., Eberhardt R., and Tünnermann A. (2017). Single mode 4.3 kW output power from a diode-pumped Yb-doped fiber amplifier. Opt. Express, 25 (13), 14892-14899. |
| [21] | Ikoma S., Nguyen H. K., Kashiwagi M., Uchiyama K., Shima K., and Tanaka D. (2017). 3 kW single stage all-fiber Yb-doped single-mode fiber laser for highly reflective and highly thermal conductive material processing. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 10083, 100830Y-1-100830Y-6. |
| [22] | Su R., Tao R., Wang X., Zhang H., Ma P., Zhao P., and Xu X. (2017). 3.7 kW monolithic narrow linewidth single mode fiber laser through simultaneously suppressing nonlinear effects and mode instability. Laser Phys. Lett., 14, 085102. |
| [23] | Wang Y., Gao C., Tang X., Zhan H., Peng K., Ni L., Liu S., Li Y., Guo C., Wang X., Zhang L., Yu J., Jiang L., Lin H., Wang J., Jing F., and Lin A. (2018). 30/900 Yb-doped aluminophosphosilicate fiber presenting 6.85-kW laser output pumped with commercial 976-nm laser diodes. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 36 (16), 3396-3402. |
| [24] | Xiao Q., Li D., Huang Y., Wang X., Wang Z., Tian J., Yan P., and Gong M. (2018). Directly diode and bi-directional pumping 6 kW continuous-wave all-fibre laser. Laser Phys., 28, 125107. |
| [25] | Shima K., Ikoma S., Uchiyama K., Takubo Y., Kashiwagi M., and Tanaka D. (2018). 5-kW single stage all-fiber Yb-doped single-mode fiber laser for material processing. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 10512, 105120C-1-105120C-6. |
| [26] | Lin H., Tao R., Li C., Wang B., Guo C., Shu Q., Zhao P., Xu L., Wang J., Jing F., and Chu Q. (2019). 3.7 kW monolithic narrow linewidth single mode fiber laser through simultaneously suppressing nonlinear effects and mode instability. Opt. Express, 27 (7), 9716-9724. |
| [27] | Lin H., Xu L., Li C., Shu Q., Chu Q., Xie L., Guo C., Zhao P., Li Z., Wang J., Jing F., and Tang X. (2019). 10.6 kW high-brightness cascade-end-pumped monolithic fiber lasers directly pumped by laser diodes in step-index large mode area double cladding fiber. Results in Phys., 14, 102479. |
| [28] | Ye Y., Yang B., Shi C., Xi X., Zhang H., Wang X., Zhou P., and Xu X. (2020). Towards power improvement of all-fiber laser oscillators with 30 μm-core Yb-doped fibers by suppressing transverse mode instability. Laser Phys. Lett., 17, 085106. |
| [29] | Ye Y., Yang B., Wang P., Zeng L., Xi X., Shi C., Zhang H., Wang X., Zhou P., and Xu X. (2021). Industrial 6 kW high-stability single-stage all-fiber laser oscillator based on conventional large mode area ytterbium-doped fiber. Laser Phys., 31, 035104. |
| [30] | Stachowiak D. (2018). High-power passive fiber components for all-fiber lasers and amplifiers application-design and fabrication. Photonics, 5, 38-1-38-17. |
| [31] | Beaudou B., Gerôme F., Wang Y. Y., Alharbi M., Bradley T. D., Humbert G., Auguste J.-L., Blondy J.-M., and Benabid F. (2012). Millijoule laser pulse delivery for spark ignition through kagome hollow-core fiber. Opt. Lett., 37 (9), 1430-1432. |
| [32] | Jaworski P., Yu F., Maier R. R. J., Wadsworth W. J., Knight J. C., Shephard J. D., and Hand D. P. J. (2013). Picosecond and nanosecond pulse delivery through a hollow-core negative curvature fiber for micro-machining applications. Opt. Express, 21 (19), 22742-22753. |
| [33] | Ulrich A., Maier R. R. J., Yu F., Knight J. C., Hand D. P. J., and Shephard J. D. (2013). Flexible delivery of Er:YAG radiation at 2.94 μm with negative curvature silica glass fibers: a new solution for minimally invasive surgical procedures. Biomedical Opt. Express, 4 (2), 193-205. |
| [34] | Dumitrache C., Rath J., and Yalin A. P. (2014). High power spark delivery system using hollow core kagome lattice fibers. Materials, 7, 5700-5710. |
| [35] | Michieletto M., Lyngso J. K., Jakobsen C., Laegsgaard J., Bang O., and Alkeskjold T. T. (2016). Hollow-core fibers for high power pulse delivery. Opt. Express, 24 (7), 7103-7119. |
| [36] | Elizer S. and Wedel B. (2018). Hollow core optical fibers for industrial ultra short pulse laser beam delivery applications. Fibers, 6, 80-1-80-11. |
| [37] | Matsui T, Tsujikawa K, Okuda T., Hanzawa N., Sagae Y., Nakajima K., Fujiya Y., and Shiraki K. (2020). Effective area enlarged photonic crystal fiber with quasi-uniform air-hole structure for high power transmission. IEICE Trans. Commun., E103-B (4), 415-421. |
| [38] | Zhu X., Wu D., Wang Y., Yu F., Li Q., Qi Y., Knight J., Chen S., and Hu L. (2021). Delivery of CW laser power up to 300 Watts at 1080 nm by an uncooled low-loss ant-resonant hollow-core fiber. Opt. Express, 29 (2), 1492-1501. |
| [39] | Smith D. C. (1977). High-power laser propagation: thermal blooming. Proc. IEEE, 65 (12), 1969-1714. |
| [40] | Gebhardt F. G. and Smith D. C. (1969). Effects of wind on thermal defocusing of CO2 laser radiation. Appl. Phys. Lett., 14 (2), 52-54. |
| [41] | Smith D. C. (1969). Thermal defocusing of CO2 laser radiation in gases. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-5 (12), 600-607. |
| [42] | Smith D. C. and Gebhardt F. G. (1970). Saturation of the self-induced thermal distortion of laser radiation in a wind. Appl. Phys. Lett., 16 (7), 275-278. |
| [43] | Kenemuth J. R., Hogge C. B., and Avizonis P. V. (1970). Thermal blooming of a 10.6-μ laser beam in CO2. Appl. Phys. Lett., 17 (5), 220-223. |
| [44] | Wallace J. and Camac M. (1970). Effects of absorption at 10.6 μ on laser-beam transmission. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60 (12), 1587-1594. |
| [45] | Gebhardt F. G. and Smith D. C. (1971). Self-induced thermal distortion in the near field for a laser beam in a moving medium. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-7 (2), 63-73. |
| [46] | Gebhardt F. G. and Smith D. C. (1972). Effects of diffraction of the self-induced thermal distortion of a laser beam in a crosswind. Appl. Opt., 11 (2), 244-248. |
| [47] | Avizonis P. V., Hogge C. B., Butts R. R., and Kenemuth J. R. (1972). Geometric optics of thermal blooming in gases. Part 1. Appl. Opt., 11 (3), 554-564. |
| [48] | Hayes J. N., Ulrich P. B., and Aitken A. H. (1972). Effects of the atmosphere on the propagation of 10.6-μ laser beams. Appl. Opt., 11 (2), 257-260. |
| [49] | Wallace J. (1972). Effects of nonlinear refraction at 10.6 μm on the far-field irradiance distribution. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62 (3), 373-378. |
| [50] | Aitken A. H., Hayes J. N., and Ulrich P. B. (1973). Thermal blooming of pulsed focused Gaussian laser beams. Appl. Opt., 12 (2), 193-197. |
| [51] | Ulrich P. B. and Wallace J. (1973). Propagation characteristics of collimated pulsed laser beams through an absorbing atmosphere. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63 (1), 8-12. |
| [52] | Fleck, Jr. J. A., Morris J. R., and Feit M. D. (1976). Time-dependent propagation of high energy laser beams through atmosphere. Appl. Phys., 10, 129-160. |
| [53] | Fleck, Jr. J. A., Morris J. R., and Feit M. D. (1976). Time-dependent propagation of high energy laser beams through atmosphere: II. Appl. Phys., 14, 99-115. |
| [54] | Sprangle P., Ting A., Peňano J., Fischer R., and Hafizi B. (2009). Incoherent combining and atmospheric propagation of high-power fiber lasers for directed-energy applications. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 45 (2), 138-148. |
| [55] | Sprangle P., Hafizi B., Ting A., and Fischer R. (2015). High-power lasers for directed-energy applications. Appl. Opt., 54 (31), F201-F209. |
| [56] | Curcio J. A. and Petty C. C. (1951). The near infrared absorption spectrum of liquid water. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 41 (5), 302-304. |
| [57] | Tetens O. (1930). Uber einige meteorologische begriffe. Z. Geophys., 6, 297-309. |
| [58] | Shoji M. (1995). Heat Transfer Textbook. Appendix F, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. |
| [59] | Chemical Society of Japan. (1984). Chemical Data Book. 3rd Ed., Chap. 5, Maruzen, Tokyo. |
APA Style
Yoshito Shuto. (2022). High-Power Laser Beam Propagation in Slightly Wet Atmosphere. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 10(6), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11
ACS Style
Yoshito Shuto. High-Power Laser Beam Propagation in Slightly Wet Atmosphere. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 215-222. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11,
author = {Yoshito Shuto},
title = {High-Power Laser Beam Propagation in Slightly Wet Atmosphere},
journal = {Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {215-222},
doi = {10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeee.20221006.11},
abstract = {The use of high-power lasers in the industry has been rapidly advanced by incorporating flexible-fiber-based beam delivery. In order to deliver high-power laser beam to a distant place, the laser beam must propagate through the atmosphere. When the laser beam propagates through a medium, a fraction of the laser energy is absorbed by the medium. This absorbed power heats the medium and alters the index of refraction of the path, and leads to a distortion of the beam itself. This phenomenon is called thermal blooming. Thermal blooming at λ0 = 1.08 μm is caused by the absorption of water vapor. In this article, high-power laser beam propagation in a slightly wet atmosphere at λ0 = 1.08 μm was theoretically investigated. At First, the absorption coefficient (α) of air at 10% relative humidity was estimated. Then, simulation of thermal blooming of Gaussian laser beam with an initial power of 1 kW and a radius of 5 mm was conducted using this α. Under the condition of no wind, the beam intensity decreases rapidly with increasing length z. At z = 16 m, the intensity of laser beam became 1/5 of the initial intensity at z = 0 m. When laser beam propagated in the moist air with transverse air flow, thermal distortion of the beam was not symmetrical around the z axis because of the asymmetry introduced by the one-dimensional wind velocity v. Under the condition of calm uniform wind with v = 0.05 m/s, laser beams propagated only 25 to 30 m at most without damaging the initial beam shape. On the other hand, the beams propagated 65 to 70 m at most without beam-shape deformation under the condition of light uniform wind with v = 0.5 m/s.},
year = {2022}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - High-Power Laser Beam Propagation in Slightly Wet Atmosphere AU - Yoshito Shuto Y1 - 2022/11/14 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11 DO - 10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11 T2 - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering JF - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering JO - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering SP - 215 EP - 222 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2329-1605 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221006.11 AB - The use of high-power lasers in the industry has been rapidly advanced by incorporating flexible-fiber-based beam delivery. In order to deliver high-power laser beam to a distant place, the laser beam must propagate through the atmosphere. When the laser beam propagates through a medium, a fraction of the laser energy is absorbed by the medium. This absorbed power heats the medium and alters the index of refraction of the path, and leads to a distortion of the beam itself. This phenomenon is called thermal blooming. Thermal blooming at λ0 = 1.08 μm is caused by the absorption of water vapor. In this article, high-power laser beam propagation in a slightly wet atmosphere at λ0 = 1.08 μm was theoretically investigated. At First, the absorption coefficient (α) of air at 10% relative humidity was estimated. Then, simulation of thermal blooming of Gaussian laser beam with an initial power of 1 kW and a radius of 5 mm was conducted using this α. Under the condition of no wind, the beam intensity decreases rapidly with increasing length z. At z = 16 m, the intensity of laser beam became 1/5 of the initial intensity at z = 0 m. When laser beam propagated in the moist air with transverse air flow, thermal distortion of the beam was not symmetrical around the z axis because of the asymmetry introduced by the one-dimensional wind velocity v. Under the condition of calm uniform wind with v = 0.05 m/s, laser beams propagated only 25 to 30 m at most without damaging the initial beam shape. On the other hand, the beams propagated 65 to 70 m at most without beam-shape deformation under the condition of light uniform wind with v = 0.5 m/s. VL - 10 IS - 6 ER -
Email: